“鏡(jìng)像(xiàng)規則”要求承諾內容必須與要約內(nèi)容一一對應,不能(néng)有任何變更或不同,就(jiù)像一麵鏡子一樣,這讓人感覺非常苛刻。這是真的嗎?是否有例外?具體如何適用?午夜福利视频一起來看一下吧。
At common law, any different or additional terms in the acceptance make the response a rejection and counteroffer. It insists on an absolute and unequivocal acceptance of each and every term of the offer. This is called “mirror image rule”.
普通法下,承諾與(yǔ)要約必須一(yī)一(yī)對應,承諾不(bú)能與要約有任何的不同(tóng)或增加任何額外條款,否則被視為拒絕要約或者反要約,這個規則被稱為(wéi)“mirror image rule”。
Article 2 of the UUC, which governs the sale of goods, has abandoned the mirror image rule and provides that whether the additional or different terms become part of the contract depends on whether or not both parties are merchants.
規範(fàn)貨物(wù)買(mǎi)賣合同的UCC已經(jīng)廢棄(qì)了mirror image rule,UCC規定承諾中的新(xīn)增或不同條款是否構成合同的一部分取決於合同主體是否為商人。
If any party to the contract is not a merchant, the additional or different terms are considered to be mere proposals to modify the contract that do not become part of the contract unless the offeror expressly agrees.
如果合同主體的任何一方不是商人(rén),承諾中的新增或不(bú)同條款會被(bèi)視為(wéi)是(shì)修(xiū)改合同的一種提議,除非要約方明確同意,否則不能成為(wéi)合同(tóng)的一部分。
If both parties to the contract are merchants, additional terms in the acceptance will be included in the contract unless they materially alter the original terms of the offer, such as by changing a party’s risk or the remedies available; the offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer; or the offeror has already objected to the particular terms or objects within a reasonable time after notice of them is received.
如果合同主體雙方都是商人(rén),承諾中的新增或不(bú)同條款會(huì)成為合同的一部分。但如果這(zhè)些條款實質改變了原有要約的條款,比如針對風險承擔(dān)和可用救濟的變更;要約(yuē)對(duì)承諾有明確限製;或要(yào)約(yuē)方已經反對或者在合理(lǐ)的時間內反(fǎn)對。那麽,這些變更將不能成為合同的一部(bù)分。
In addition, other courts follow the “knockout rule”, which states that conflicting terms in the offer and acceptance are knocked out of the contract, because each party is assumed to object to the inclusion of such terms in the contract. Under the knockout rule, gaps left by knocked out terms are filled by the UCC.
另外,一些法院遵從“knockout rule”,因為推定任何一方會反對衝突條款的納入(rù),所(suǒ)以將要(yào)約和承諾中的衝突條款剔除在合同之外,基於(yú)剔除而產生的盲區(qū)由UCC中(zhōng)的規(guī)定進行補足。
UCC
Uniform Commercial Code 《統一商法典(diǎn)》
我國《民法(fǎ)典》
第四百八十八條 承諾的內(nèi)容應當與要約的內容一致。受要約人對要約的內容作出實質性變更的,為新要約。有關合同(tóng)標的、數量、質量(liàng)、價款或者報酬、履行(háng)期限、履行地點和方(fāng)式、違約責任和解決爭議(yì)方法等的變更,是對要約內容的實質性變更(gèng)。
第四百八十九條(tiáo) 承諾對要約的內容作出非實質性(xìng)變更(gèng)的,除(chú)要約人及時表示反對或者(zhě)要約表明承(chéng)諾不得對要約的內(nèi)容作出任何變更外,該承諾有效(xiào),合同的(de)內容以承諾的內容為準。
作者介紹
延彬彬律師
現為上海律宏律師事務所合夥人律師,民革(gé)黨員。先後被評為民革上海市委(wěi)三八紅旗手、民革普陀(tuó)區委先進個人,並在(zài)第一(yī)屆上海律師學術大賽中獲“代理詞評選”優秀(xiù)獎,持有證券從(cóng)業資格證、上海市知識產權工作者證等。
執業領(lǐng)域:
不良資產處置(zhì),企(qǐ)業(yè)法律顧問,各類合同糾紛,勞動人(rén)事糾紛(fēn),婚姻家庭糾紛的處理,刑事案件以及行政案件的處理,醫療器械行業(yè)法律服務等。
執業理念:
每個人都值得擁(yōng)有自己的私人律師。
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